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Metal hypersensitivity in total joint arthroplasty.

In the United States and worldwide, the incidence of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) procedures is increasing. In the United States alone, primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) are estimated to increase by 174% to 572,000 procedures and TKAs are expected to increase by 673% to 3.48 million procedures by 2030. Revisions of joint replacements also are increasing and are projected to increase by 173% for hip implants and 601% for knee implants from 2005 to 2030. A significant proportion of these patients undergoing arthroplasty have metal sensitivity and may react to their prosthesis.

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